This question has a wide range, because the ultimate vacuum that each material can reach is closely related to the environment and state of the material, and cannot be discussed simply based on the material.

This question depends on the specific vacuum range. If it is in the vacuum degree of glow discharge, such as ~10Pa, the gas will be broken down by the high voltage of the ion pump. At this time, the ion current is very large and will far exceed the load of the ion pump power supply. Under normal circumstances, the ion pump power supply will automatically cut off the output and alarm.

A hot gauge is a vacuum gauge that measures the vacuum degree by emitting electrons from a hot filament. Its biggest feature is that it has a replaceable filament to generate an electron beam for ionization. A cold gauge does not have a hot emitting filament, and gas ionization relies on other means, such as a strong magnetic field. Among them, the hot cathode gauge emits a very small amount of X-ray radiation during use. This amount is very small and will not cause safety problems, but it needs

Stainless steel screws are the most common, but because many of them are magnetic, especially at low temperatures, the magnetism will be significantly enhanced, affecting the test experiment, so our low-temperature products cannot use this type of screws

How does an infrared thermometer work? What does object distance ratio mean? Will the temperature measured by infrared thermometer be different for different materials at the same temperature?

Copper washers can be divided into standard copper washers and non-knife-edge copper washers

If we compare heat to water, then the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of unit material can be regarded as the diameter of the water inlet and outlet of the pool and the capacity of the pool respectively. There is no direct relationship between these two parameters.

There is a certain overlap between resistance wire heating and infrared heating. To explain this problem clearly, we must first classify the heating methods. According to the form of heat conduction, there are three main ways to transfer different heat.

ARPES is an experiment in which light enters and electrons exit, and what is detected is the energy and momentum of the emitted photoelectrons. ARPES itself can realize the measurement of different temperatures, and the general measurement range is from liquid helium temperature to 400K. Measuring ARPES at low temperature is mainly to obtain a relatively high electron energy resolution: due to thermal fluctuations, electrons at finite temperatures will have an electron energy broadening proporti

FERMI INSTRUMENTS has successfully developed a new generation of remote plasma cleaning sources for in-situ removal of carbon pollution in complex vacuum systems. Low-pressure gas is excited by external energy to produce plasma, including different components such as electrons, ions, neutral atoms or groups. Relying on the "activation effect" of active particles, it performs a dual effect of physical bombardment and chemical reaction with the surface of the object, turning the desired removal su

Air pollution and germs are everywhere in our lives, such as pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, suspended particulate matter that can cause allergies, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Pathogens are spread through droplets, dust or aerosol systems in the air, and are one of the important ways for various respiratory infectious diseases to spread in public places. For example, the recent outbreak of the new coronavirus has been raging around the world, seriously endangering people's